Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting a child’s ability to focus, control impulses, and manage hyperactive behaviours. It often impacts learning, social interactions, and daily activities.
ADHD presents as persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Symptoms may include difficulty staying focused, organizing tasks, excessive talking, fidgeting, and impulsive decisions.
DSM-5 criteria for ADHD
The number of symptoms required for an ADHD diagnosis (by age group) are as follows:
Six or more symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for children up to age 16 years,
OR
Five or more symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for adolescents ages 17 years and older and adults.
Inattention Symptoms
NOTE: Symptoms of inattention have been present for at least 6 months, and they are inappropriate for developmental level.
Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities.
Often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (e.g., loses focus, side-tracked).
Often has trouble organizing tasks and activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require mental effort over a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).
Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones).
Is often easily distracted.
Is often forgetful in daily activities.
Hyperactivity-impulsivity Symptoms
NOTE: Symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have been present for at least 6 months, and they are inappropriate for the person’s developmental level.
Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat.
Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected.
Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling restless).
Often unable to play or take part in leisure activities quietly.
Is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor.”
Often talks excessively.
Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed.
Often has trouble waiting their turn.
Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).
In addition to the above criteria, the following conditions must also be met:
- Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present before age 12 years.
- Several symptoms are present in two or more settings, (such as at home, school or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities).
- There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, school, or work functioning.
- The symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder (such as a mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or a personality disorder). The symptoms do not happen only during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.
Diagnostic Process: (You may need to design the process)
Step 1: Observations at Home
Start by closely observing your child’s behaviour at home. Look for signs like inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.
Step 2: Observations at School
Next, your child’s teacher will also make careful observations of your child’s behaviour at school. Since children may behave differently in a classroom setting, it’s important to understand how they interact with peers, how they focus during lessons, and how they handle school routines.
Step 3: Parent-Teacher Meeting & Referral Process
After collecting observations, it’s time to have a discussion. Schedule a meeting with your child’s teacher to share your concerns and hear their perspective. Together, you can decide if further evaluation is needed.
To start the referral process, go to the Smart Paediatrics website and complete the online self-referral form. Don’t forget to contact your General Practitioner to provide a referral letter. A detailed clinical information such as medical, surgical, obstetric and social history will be obtained from the parents/ carer electronically.
Preferably your GP can also fill out a direct referral form through the Smart Paediatrics website. Direct referral can provide detailed clinical information about your child’s physical examination findings directly, making it really a collaborative effort.
Step 4: Providing Contact Details
To ensure clear communication, provide the email address of your child’s teacher. This allows the doctor to contact the teacher directly for any additional insights or information about your child’s school behaviour. Rating scale will be sent through way.
Step 5: Initial Paediatrician Telehealth Consult
Once the referral is complete, the Smart Paediatrics paediatrician will review your child’s history and the physical examination finding conducted by your GP. The paediatrician will discuss any concerns with you and ensure that all necessary clinical information is gathered for an accurate assessment.”
Step 6: Rating Scales and Comorbidity Screening
Now, it’s time to assess your child’s behaviour in more detail. You and your child’s teacher will receive rating scales to fill out. These help to understand how your child behaves in different environments. Paediatrician will also look for any other conditions, like anxiety or learning difficulties, that may be affecting your child. Once the scales are completed, the results are carefully analysed to understand your child’s needs. At this stage if any further referral is required to allied health professionals such as Speech Pathologist, Occupational therapist, Behavioural therapist, dietitian , psychologist , through face to face appointment or through Telehealth , that would be organised.
Step 7: Online Objective Testing: QbCheck)
In some cases, an additional test may be needed. This is called QbCheck—a FDA cleared computer-based online test that objectively measures your child’s attention and activity levels. If this is recommended, you can book the test online. Your paediatrician will need to send you a voucher code to use during the test, which can be accessed through the Smart Paediatrics website. Details of the testing environment is mentioned in the QbCheck section at the menu bar.
Step 8: Diagnosis & Treatment Plan
After all the information is gathered, you’ll receive a packet with everything you need to know about ADHD, including tips for behaviour management and classroom strategies. At your follow-up visit, the paediatrician will review all the results and make a diagnosis. Together, you’ll develop a plan to support your child, which may include therapy, medication, and even the use of digital tools for better symptom management.
Step 9: Ongoing Monitoring and Feedback
Once a plan is in place, regular visits to the paediatrician will help monitor your child’s progress. To ensure the treatment is effective, you and your child’s teacher may be asked to provide feedback on your child’s behaviour over time. This ongoing support will help to make sure your child receives the best possible care.
Screening Family Members for ADHD
There is always high chance of having ADHD in the family if one family member has ADHD. For adults, this scale may be helpful:
The 18-question Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) can provide a quick score and suggest whether further testing by a professional may or may not be indicated. https://embrace-autism.com/asrs-v1-1/#test
Complete the self-report scale, and if you score 4 or more on part A, then the test shows you have symptoms highly consistent with ADHD in adults, and further investigation is warranted. You can then apply for more definitive objective assessment for yourself or your partner. QbCheck -a computer-based online test that objectively measures your attention and activity levels can be applied directly through www.smartpaediatrics.com- following submission of your ASRS v 1.1 score.
Foundations & Volunteering Agencies in Australia
- Headspace: A national youth mental health foundation offering free online and in-person support for children and adolescents with anxiety and other mental health issues.
- Beyond Blue: Provides resources, online support, and advocacy for those experiencing anxiety and other mental health challenges.
- Anxiety Recovery Centre Victoria (ARCVic): Focuses on providing information, support groups, and resources for children and families dealing with anxiety.
What to Expect from Telehealth Consultations
Initial Assessment
During a video consultation, the clinician gathers a detailed history of the child’s anxiety symptoms, triggers, and any contributing family, school, or social factors. Screening questionnaires may be administered.
Parental Involvement
Parents play a critical role in the consultation process, providing insights into behaviour at home and school.
Therapy & Follow-Up
Regular follow-up sessions via telehealth may include psychological therapy, medication management, and discussions on lifestyle interventions. Families receive guidance on coping skills, relaxation techniques, and building resilience.
Monitoring Progress
Telehealth offers convenient and ongoing monitoring of symptoms, treatment adherence, and progress tracking, with regular feedback loops between families and clinicians.
Funding Options in Australia
NDIS (National Disability Insurance Scheme)
If the anxiety disorder significantly affects daily functioning, NDIS funding may be available for therapeutic services and supports.
Medicare
Access to a Mental Health Care Plan allows for subsidized therapy sessions with psychologists, and Chronic Disease Management Plan can support access to allied health professionals.
Private Health Insurance
Coverage for therapy and psychiatric consultations can vary depending on the policy, so it is important to check with your provider.
By integrating thorough information gathering, validated assessment tools, personalized treatment plans, and innovative technologies, Smart Paediatrics ensures that children with anxiety receive comprehensive, effective, and tailored care to support their mental well-being.